Body Language in the Workplace

The book deals with how Body Language affects your business career and illustrates you step-by-step examples on the effect of Body Language and how to use it in favour of your success. The author’s Allan & Barbara Pease both come from the Business World and established this book together, developing specific techniques trough personal experiences. Allan Pease made his first personal experience with the effect of Body Language as a Teenage Boy, working as a door-to-door salesman for a rubber sponge company. He quickly learned, by watching the people’s Body Language on what they were thinking and then found a way to persuade them to willingly buy the rubber sponges without them noticing it. He later worked as a successful salesman for an Australian Life Insurance Company. The Book is a â€Å"How to† Book and designated to prospective and current Business People. The author adresses the reader directly, which gives a more personal approach to the Book. The author’s style is very informal, the quality of writing is very clear and original which makes it easier for the reader to follow and not get bored. It suits the intended audience. Body The book contains seven Chapters, each chapter representing a different situation the reader is confronted with in his/her everyday Business Life, making it easier for the reader to identifiy himself/herself in the examples and adapting them more easely. Each example is given an additional illustration or specific situation so the reader is directly involved in the situation and understands better what the author is refering to. Furthermore, there are 14 Business rules spread out over the book. More precisely, each chapter contains 2 Business Rules that have to be remembered. Moreover, the book is divided into two different categories: ‘A woman in Business’ and ‘A man in Business’. The first chapter has the Title â€Å" Interviews: How to Get the Job†¦Every Time; Are you Sitting Comfortably ? How to Sit, Where and Why â€Å" . It discusses how a First Impression is made and how to work on it. The first impression is more important than what is written on your Curriculum Vitae. The Interviewer will remember your appearance rather than what College you attended. This chapter also tells you what to do and what not to do in an interview, by example not to wear a Goatee because it represents Satan and people will most likely repel people subconciously. Furthermore, the chapter sow the reader how seating arrangements can change your whole position and what type of Table is most suitable for a Conference. The second chapter has the Title â€Å" How to Take Your Career in Your Hands: the Art of Handshaking, Networking and Surviving the Office Party†. In this chapter the reader learns what a Handshake can do to his/her professional career, in other words : â€Å"A good handshake can be the difference between a career boost and career suicide†. Furthemore, the reader learns how to behave at an Office Party and how to boost your popularity. The third chapter, â€Å"Persuasive Presentations† shows the reader how to behave during a Presentation, taking a close look at the audience and work with Power Point Presentations. In this chapter the reader learns that the audience sitting on their left is more likely to be attentive and respondend to Jokes than the audience sitting on their right. The fourth chapter, â€Å"Mastering Meetings and Perfecting Phone- and Video-Conferencing† tells the reader how to behave during a Video Conference, watching his/her Body Language and adapting the speed of Voice and sound to the other person during Phone- and Video-Conferences. The fifth chapter, â€Å"The Best-Kept Secrets of Successful Businesspeople† demonstrates the reader how to make himself/herself â€Å"taller† in the Businessworld, since it is proven that taller people get higher positions and therefor higher salaries. Moreover, this chapter shows the reader how to use eye contact and moderate smiling in specific situations. The sixth chapter, â€Å"Globalisation: The Perils and Pitfalls† shows the reader to take into consideration foreign Body-Language, especially in the Business World where people travel a lot. The authors give the most common example of Japan,where certain aspecst of Body Language are perceived differently than in Europe and how misleading Body Language can ruin a Business Plan. For example, when Japanese people nod their head while you are speaking does not mean that they are in complete agreement with you, but they are rather telling you that they are listening and that you should keep on talking. The seventh and last chapter, â€Å"Office Politics, Power-Players, Office Romances and Other Ticking Bombs† gives the reader examples on how to avoid intimidation by superiors,seeing who’s surfing on the internet and who’s really working at home, how to spot and â€Å"office romance† and most importantly how to deal with stress. Conclusion The Book gives a clear and specific Guideline on â€Å"How to† Behave in different situations , but also shows the reader the Consequences of the mistakes he/she might be making without being conscious about them. The book is easy to follow and would rather be used by people preparing for an interview. In my opinion, it is very interesting to see how such little things that are thought to be unnoticed can have such a big impact on your professional career. Personally, I encountered the same experience as the Author, Allan Pease working as a â€Å"sales person â€Å" for an NGO, but instead of doing door-to-door I had to accost the people on the street. Opening your arms to the person and showing your palms is more likely to make people stop and listen to you than moving towards them, arms crossed. It was very interesting for me to find myself in certain aspects of the book and and learn ways to improve your own appearance. I would definetly recommend this book to any person who is looking for a Job or changing Workplace and/or preparing himself/herself for a presentation.

A Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology

A Comparative Study of the Fields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are two fields that have many differences but at the same time many similarities.To identify the differences and similarities first, we have to identify what is Criminal Justice and Criminology. What is Criminal Justice? Well, for sure is not specific job training or a class that someone can take and considered him or herself ready to serve as a police officer, detective, etc. On the other hand, Criminal Justice is the study of how justice is dispensed in our s ystem of government and around the world. Also Criminal Justice is the system of practice of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring crime, and sanctioning those who violate the law.The study of Criminal Justice will help anyone to identify the different jobs where people can get involved with a degree in Criminal Justice. Another important factor to note is that police agencies, courts, and corrections are part of the system of Criminal Justice. Each of those three components plays different functions in the Criminal Justice System (Judge Harold). Actually, society has a conflict with Criminal Justice System about Individual Rights and Public Order. This conflict refers to the question: what are more important Individual rights or Public order?This has been a serious issue for the Criminal Justice System because they try to balance both to maintain order in society. Is important to know that Criminal Justice has a process, know as Due process or Bill of Rights. This process protect criminals rights and is required by the U. S. constitution and force Criminal Justice case processing be conducted with fairness and equity. This means that a criminal can’t be arrested or send it to jail without fallowing the correct process that will protect criminal’s rights. Criminal Justice lso has several conflicts inside his own field with his agencies (The Defendants). The consensus model and conflict model are the more common. Consensus model refers to government agencies that work together against crime to maintain order. In the other hand, conflict model means that agencies win more when they compete each other instead of working together to maintain order; this last model has been a serious issue to Criminal Justice System because this can make complicated to maintain public order and keep safety in the streets.People as police, detectives or special agents that work in the criminal justice field have a lot of purposes in democratic soc iety, but the most important for them are: enforce the law of the society, apprehend criminals, prevent crime, preserve domestic peace and tranquility, and provide the community with needed enforcement-related services (Major Cities). Criminology is the study the origin, extent, and criminal behavior including factors and causes of crime. College students that follow Criminology as a career, learn about different types of crime and how public responds to crime.This field focuses more in the psychology and ideology of a criminal (Criminology 2010). Criminology always is trying to solve the question, why crime occurred and why people commit them? This is why Criminology prepares a student to understand criminal’s behavior. Criminologists are mainly concerned with identifying the suspected cause of crime. Even though some criminologists devote their research to justice and social control and are concerned with how the agencies of justice operate. Criminology, 2000). Unlike Crimi nal Justice, Criminology has different methods of research as: surveys, experiments, observing and intensive interviewing, research using existing data, and comparative and historical research. This process has to be done to prove theories and hypothesis related to a crime investigation. Even though, is common for Criminology courses to evaluate the agencies of justice and for Criminal Justice programs to feature courses on Criminology.The higher level of education the more possibilities to get a higher position at any agency related with his career. Sometimes people find hard and cannot differentiate between Criminal Justice and Criminology. This happen because between these two fields there are not many differences, on the other hand there is more similarities then people think. The only differences between these two fields are: Criminal Justice is more related with crime control and how is punished. That is why Criminal Justice focuses more in policing, corrections and criminal c ourts.The main purpose of Criminal Justice is to prevent crime and apply the law to whoever broke the law (Criminal Justice 2013). On the other hand, criminology focuses more in the behavioral and social science that explores the origins of criminal behavior and the social response to crime. Another difference of Criminology is the application of the scientific method to understand and explain interactions of why people commit crime, law-making, law-breaking, and the reactions of society to these processes (Criminology and Criminal Justice).On the other hand the similarities of these two fields are easier to understand and explain. Sometimes Criminology is called Criminal Justice and other people thinks that these two fields are so inter-related that they should be considering as a discipline. As well as Criminal Justice, Criminology is related to courts, and police departments, the only difference is that Criminology focuses in why people commit crime, when Criminal Justice in how and what punishment the criminal should received (Criminology and Criminal Justice).Both fields Criminal Justice and Criminology agree that the cause of violence is related to: socialization, exposure to violence, cultural values subculture of violence, personal traits and human instinct (Criminology 2010). A student in Criminology as well as a student in Criminal Justice can become member of a police department, a special agency, or courts. Even with a Criminology degree that same person can perform the work of another person with a Criminal Justice degree.Criminal Justice and Criminology are two different fields; however might be hard to some people to distinguish these two fields due to the similar aspects. Even though, the study of these fields had brought many controversies and different point of view about the relation between these fields. People, who are interested in these two fields as a future career, might find hard to identify the differences and similarities. It is imp ortant to have a clear idea what is the role of each field before choose one.This essay might not clarify everyone’s questions but gives an idea of how Criminal Justice and Criminology works and how each field performs its work. Even thought, there might be appear new questions and controversies about these two fields that will need to be solve. References For a good overview of the issues involved, see Judge Harold J. Rothwax, Guilty: The Collapse of Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1996) â€Å"The Defendants’ Rights at a Criminal Trial,† http://www. mycounsel. om//content/arrest/courts/rights. html (accessed February 10, 2010). Major Cities Chiefs Association, Terrorism: The Impact on State and Local Law Enforcement, Intelligence Commanders Conference Report, June 2002, http://www. neiassociates. org/mccintelligencereport. pdf (Accessed September 30, 2009). Criminology and criminal justice frequently asked questions. Informally published manuscript, S lippery Rock University, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, Retrieved from http://academics. ru. edu/sasw/criminology/faq. html Criminal justice. (2013). Informally published manuscript, Department of Justice, Indiana University South Bend, Indianapolis. Indiana, Retrieved from https://www. iusb. edu/criminal-justice/index. php Criminology. (2000). Informally published manuscript, Department of Criminology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, Retrieved from http://criminology. pages. tcnj. edu/ (2010). Criminology theories, patterns, and typologies. . (10th ed. , p. 554). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Descriptive paper on metal of honor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Descriptive paper on metal of honor - Essay Example Smith renowned himself in 1864 after saving his regimental colors; this is after the killing of the color bearer during the Battle of Honey Hill in South Carolina. On the same day in the afternoon, the 55th regiment was pursuing the enemy and in the process they found themselves in a swampy region where the Confederate Army was waiting. The thick underbrush and the surrounding woods obstructed artillery support and infantry movement. The 34th and 55th regiments created columns to progress towards the enemy in a side movement. The other units were repelled by the Confederates but the 34th and 55th regiments persistently moved into the tanking positions. They were forced by the enemy into a narrow gorge and this is where the 55th’s Color-Sergeant was murdered by an exploding shell. The Regimental Colors held by the slain soldier were taken Corporal Smith and he carried them through intense canister and grape fire (Richardson 3). Despite the fact that almost half of the unit was wounded and killed by the enemy, Corporal Smith continued to expose himself to the enemy by carrying the Regimental Colors throughout the fight. Through Corporal Smith, the 55th Infantry Regiment Regimental Colors were not taken by the enemy (Richardson 4). Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt His rank was lieutenant colonel in the United States Army and his organization, the First Cavalry Regiment. His citation for the award was â€Å"for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty† (Gomez-Granger CRS-3). Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt renowned himself by his acts of gallantry in 1898 in the Republic of Cuba while directing a courageous charge up in San Juan Hill. Risking his personal safety and escorted only by five men, he lead a heroic and desperate charge up in San Juan Hill. He encouraged his troops to go on with the assault through contemptuous enemy fire over the open landscape. In the face of the opponent’s he avy fire, he showed astonishing bravery throughout the charge. He was the first among his troops to reach the rival’s trenches. In the trench he murdered one of the enemies using his pistol and this gave room to his men to go on with the assault. His courage and leadership brought unexpected results in the Battle for San Juan Hill (Gomez-Granger CRS-3). The Differences The two officers displayed extraordinary courage in the fight against the enemy. However, there are differences in the way these soldiers showed their gallantry. In Corporal Smith’s case, he took a position that was not assigned to him. Corporal Smith was not the carrier of the Regimental Colors but after the killing of the bearer of the Regimental Colors, he took it and carried it throughout the battle. Thus, the corporal saved the Regimental Colors from being taken by the enemy. He did this despite the fact that most of the men were either wounded or killed. On the other hand, Lieutenant Colonel Roosev elt showed extraordinary courage by leading only four or five men in a charge up in San Juan Hill. Though there was intense exchange of fire in the battlefield, he courageously encouraged his men to advance towards the enemy. He was able to open

Mini-Theme 2 - Inductive or Deductive Paper Essay

Mini-Theme 2 - Inductive or Deductive Paper - Essay Example For both women, the anger stems from their experiences in a community where fat is considered to be a cardinal sin spawned primarily from willful choice and lazy action. Their frank language and refusal to make apologies, instead indicating those many areas in which ridicule and simply being overweight has prevented them from experiencing those things that â€Å"thin children take for granted, such as being lifted up effortlessly on the shoulders of their fathers†, is refreshing and provides a glimpse into a world that thin people just can’t understand otherwise. After reading these, I have a better appreciation of the various things that prevent fat people from doing something about their weight, more than just a question of mathematical balance between intake and exercise, and the approach helps to illustrate the tremendous pressures introduced thanks to what I do believe is an overactive focus on physical appearance within the American community. However, these authors make it sound as if fat people are the only people who have ever experienced unhappy families, difficulty in school, troubles with parents, cruel classmates or issues with self-image. Our community reveres the thin person so much that even thin people often feel they are too fat, creating numerous eating disorders that ensures absolutely no one, thin, fat or somewhere in between, can feel comfortable with their physical appearance. I appreciate the insight, but I feel that at some point in life, people need to come to an acceptance of who and what they are and stop attackin g the world – thin or fat – for this condition. Exercise is necessary for proper health regardless of whether a person is overweight, underweight or at the proper weight for their frame. It is also necessary whether one is young or old. The problem for many people, though, is that exercise can often be difficult on a person’s joints and, depending upon their weight, can be overly tiring, forcing them

The culture of China Mafia (triad) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The culture of China Mafia (triad) - Essay Example Although clans have the same hierarchical triad structure, each one of them operates separately from the others, and each one can undertake a business, without asking the consent from the other (Booth 78). An important rule of these triads that can be also related to other organized crime organizations around the world is that women are prohibited to infiltrate in such societies. Moreover, their culture is based mainly on loyalty, because all members develop family ties and should pass an initiation process. In what concerns the profile of members of such societies, some of them are very educated (e.g. lawyers and accountants), who are using their professional status for illegal businesses (Lintner 88). These professionals are not under the possibility of being arrested because the police are focusing on the street criminals, and not on the legitimate lawyers and accountants (Chow 478). When assessing the culture of triad societies is important to overlook the main domains in which they operate. Chinese clans operate mainly in the area of heroin trafficking, but also on counterfeiting goods and human trafficking. The cities with the highest presence of triads are Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The functioning of Chinese triads has also been based on a strong connection or association with the government, mainly because of the communist regime of this country. An example of this kind of association happened in 1992 when Tao Siju (which was minister of public security) encouraged the patriotic work of clans, and set up the framework to continue their businesses, considered in the interest of the state (Brodhurst and Wa 12). Nowadays, it is also necessary to discuss the activity of these triads and to see if law enforcements and other measure had an impact on the culture of these triads and the way they operate. It has been seen an improvement in combating triads activity in Southern China due to a rapid economic development in this

Visual Arts and Film Studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Research Paper Example Upon its discovery, Cubism had a lasting impact on the artworks which were dominant during its discovery. Cubism was more of an abstract art style, which laid the foundation for the discovery and development of other artworks such as Surrealism and Dadaism. As a result of Cubism, new art modes such as futurism and Orphism came to being. Cubism changed the way people perceive the world in numerous ways (Robinson 7-30). With Cubism, the world was not to look the same again because of the huge impact, which this movement had on the world. The revolutionary nature of this movement was so phenomenal that it changed the way artists viewed the components of art. Cubism also changed the world; through it, all aspects of a subject could be seen at the same time. As a result, this allowed the simultaneous view of the parts that comprised an art work. The development of modern art can also be attributed to the discovery of Cubism as a form of art. This innovative movement led to the establishme nt of a new plastic order, which was different from the form of art that was existent before its discovery. Cubism also enhanced revolutionary changes in visual representation as artists strived to change the look of art images (Robinson 7-30). Analytic and synthetic Cubism was also phenomenal in changing the way people viewed the world. Analytic and synthetic Cubism details phases, which took place in the field of art. Synthetic Cubism helped in the combination of many forms of art as it brought numerous art forms. Analytic Cubism encompassed the bringing together of separate elements of artwork and connected them to the whole. With the changes that it brought to the nature of paintings, Cubism was phenomenal in changing the way people viewed the world. Through Cubism, painting evolved, and it changed from the older forms, which encompassed spatial planning and structure (Cottington 3-36). Cubism changed the way people see the world as it introduced cubes and facets, which were arr anged in transparent and superimposed planes. In addition, the cubes had edges that could be regarded as clearly defined; they introduced aspects such as space, mass, as well as what the movement of Cubism implied. Cubism was also influential as it led to the introduction of such aspects in the art such as muted greens, ochers, browns, as well as grays. Cubism also changed the world as it consisted of a combination of both traditional aspects of art and modern aspects. For example, the Cubist movement included a subject matter consisting of traditional portraits, still life, and traditional landscapes. This was coupled with fragments consisting of wineglasses, faces, as well as guitars that became main subjects of the Cubist works (Chilvers 185-190). The other way in which Cubism changed the way the world is perceived is through introducing the use of bright color in artwork. Cubism also introduced the use of decorative devices such as the stippling technique, which came from pointi llism. As a result of Cubism, artists started using shadow, tone, as well as broken brush strokes in their paintings. These aspects, together with the distance established between planes that used to be denser, led to the introduction of light. Synthetic Cubism was extremely phenomenal as it provided the basis for the creation and description of visual reality, which could now be done without illusionism in painting. The synthesis of objects became a reality with the Cubism as artists were able to use real components in collage (Martin 52-76). Cubism also changed the way people see the world by introducing new forms of art, which replaced Western art. Cubists held the belief that Western art was traditional and that it had become obsolete. As such,

To What Extent was the US car industry harmed by imports of foreign Essay

To What Extent was the US car industry harmed by imports of foreign cars or by foreign car makers setting up production in the US - Essay Example In the first half of the growth of the automobile industry, USA was one of the front runners due to the economic development of the country. The economic development in the country meant that the demand was prevalent. The engineering developed due to the growth of technology. There were no direct competitors for the US firms. However, the dominance of the US was not everlasting. With the potential of the industry on the rise, various other manufacturers from the other countries began to enter the field. The car manufacturers from Germany and Belgium began to develop with the help of modern engineering technologies. The car manufacturers from the other countries viewed the US market as one of the most inviting and potential markets of the world. They were helped by the fact that the US economy promoted free competition among the firms. This meant that the companies were free to ply their trade in the USA. The US market soon became flooded with the imported cars. Seeing the potential o f the market some of the companies began to set up in operations in the US. In the modern context, the Japanese firms have made a big progress in the industry. The Japanese firms have been technologically advanced and that has prompted the companies to use the most modern technologies. They have been responsible for the introduction of the most modern cars in the market. Most of the Japanese companies have set up operations in the US and the market there has been the main focus for the Japanese companies. The Japanese cars are one of the most dominating in the US market. The US car manufacturers faced a tough competition from the car manufacturers of the other countries. Their condition has worsened due to the global economic downturn in the economy. There is lesser demand for the cars in the US market. The combination of these factors has been detrimental to the interests of the US car manufacturers. (Covarrubias, n.d.). The

Ethels Chocolate Lounges Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Ethels Chocolate Lounges - Assignment Example The product line of gourmet chocolate comes at an expensive price to compete with multinationals in the industry such as Starbucks. Ethel’s Chocolate Lounge relies on limited decision making to influence the clients. Clients that engage in limited decision-making have a low level of involvement and do not engage in searching for alternative products and brands. The search for similar items will base the decision on similar ingredients when items are on sale or a prior experience on some of the item the consumer needed to purchase. Mars Corporation focuses on advantage routine response behavior frequent purchases by consumers’ exhibits routine response behavior. Some of the factors that can motivate the consumers to make a purchase at Ethel’s Chocolate include an advertisement with a desirable destination. A specific culture will move to various styles of chocolates to enjoy the taste-making of Ethel’s Chocolate. Some of the psychological factors that suit the consumers' needs include beliefs, perception, and attitudes. An upscale modern style will match with the popular culture of classy feel. The store has a modern look with an appeal of relaxing ambiance that encourages socialization to extend lounging.

Soldier Boy Essay Example for Free

Soldier Boy Essay Soldier Boy is a book about a young boy named Jim Martin, and how it was his dream to join the army and fight with the Australian troupes. However, Jim Martin was no ordinary soldier to join the military; he was the youngest at 14 years of age. The topic, which I am doing my essay on, is Solider Boy is a tragedy. This book shows why war is a tragedy, and what war does to families, and how adults and authorities make war seem more glorious. The book highlights how it was young boys dying during the war not older men. First Paragraph Solider boy is a tragedy because it shows what war does to families and how death and injury effects families and tears them apart. These soldiers were never advised about the dangers of war. They were never advised of the drastic effects to their near and dear ones. Most of the time families were not strong enough to handle the stress and pain of seeing their loved ones going to war. Anthony Hill also informs the reader of Soldier Boys whose parents kept their grief and pain that the loss of a child causes them on the inside, in order to keep their families together. A quote on pg 8 shows that this is what Amelia did for her family. Amelia is the brick if the family in this time of desperation, and helps her family come to terms with Jim’s death. Second Paragraph Something that was quite sad in Solider Boy was that schools, adults and authorities made war seem more glorious than it actually was, and enticed young boys to join the army. Most adults made war seem like a sort of video game, you can play the game and nothing will happen to you. None of the adults explained to the young boys what it was like to see one of your team members die, or how to deal with their fellow soldiers rotting corpses in the trenches and how once you came to Gallipoli, if you did not like it there was no turning back. A quote on page 8 shows what the law thought was fit for young boys. Third Paragraph One of the main reasons of why Solider Boy is a tragedy is because it was young boys that were dying, and not older men. Young boys that had a whole future ahead of them, but had there life cut off because a bullet shot them, or they died of an illness. Jim Martin could have grown up and had a family, but instead his life was cut short because he died of typhoid. If it were, older men that were dying it would still be sad but not a tragedy, because they would have finished what they wanted to do and achieve in life. While some of the young, boys may not have even had a girlfriend. The quote on page 35 shows how young Jim Martin was. Conclusion In conclusion, I think that what war did to people and how adults handled it was quite sad, because it was teaching young people to fight and how violence and conflict is not the answer. Young Solider Boys should not have had to go through that, because all that it brought was grief, pain, suffering and stress. Solider boy is a tragic story that I hope will never be repeated again.

The Ramayana and Trade Case Essay Example for Free

The Ramayana and Trade Case Essay When we talk about Ramayana, we look at it as an epic story of powerful people, of gods and goddesses intervening with the people’s affairs, and of other-worldly creatures which one could never imagine. Truly, it is a wonderful, fictional story. But it is not only about legendary battles and imaginary characters. We can also associate it with real-life activities which are being conducted in a day-to-day basis. A good example of such activity is trade, which is evident in the epic story Ramayana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One evident example of Trade in Ramayana is the existence of different races and classes of people. It is inevitable that they would interact with each other in exchange of goods coming from one kingdom to another. The people coexisted with other races like the demons and the monkeys by establishing connections with each other through exchanges of merchandise, goods, and even services. Weapons were also evidently traded in the story of Ramayana, since there are a lot of wars going on in the kingdom. Another manifestation of trade in the story is the flow of people in different kingdoms. People come and go to different places by trading their goods with other groups of people. Being exiled or being overthrown from a kingdom could have resulted from wrong trading practices which attracted disapproval from the people (Narayan, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite being an epic story, The Ramayana still has several attributes wherein we could associate it with our real day-to-day activities. Trade is one of these activities, and it is well depicted throughout the epic story. Works Cited: Narayan, R. K. (1993). Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic. USA: Penguin Group.

The Function Of Subtitle

The Function Of Subtitle According to Mitterer H, McQueen JM, their book named Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception. Understanding the foreign speech is not easy in common, especially because of unusual mapping between sounds and words. It is known that audiences in their native language can use lexical knowledge (about now words ought to sound) to learn how to pronouns an unusual foreign word in the movie. Subtitles are normally prepared in a movie, to provide lexical information, support perceptual learning about foreign speech for those audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, his book SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles are also makes video more accessible for people with hearing disabilities or deaf. It is hard to listen when the unfamiliar regional accent is in unfamiliar foreign languages. The unusual foreign vowels and consonants may mismatch more with native sound categories, seriously will fail to match any native category. This situation arises, for example, when we watch a film in a non-native language, a Malaysian listener, fluent in English and Chinese, watching a Thailand movie. He or she may have considerable difficulty understanding the language used in the movie. To adopt all those films or movie into target language culture, filmmakers use dubbing, voice-over and subtitles to make the movie more acceptable to those foreign countries. Besides, subtitles can translate speech, signs, letters and show sounds to aid the deaf and hard of hearing to understand more and follow the plot of the film. According to encyclopedia, it said that subtitle is used to interpret previously unheard words in a movie for those audiences. The ability to encode rules and to detect rule-violating events outside the focus of attention is vital for adaptive behavior. Our brain recordings reveal that violations of abstract auditory rules are processed even when the sounds are absent. When subjects performed a task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task related to the sounds but not to the rule, rule violations impaired task performance and activated a network involving supratemporal, parietal and frontal areas although none of the subjects acquired explicit knowledge of the rule or became aware of rule violations. The finding that this happens even when subjects do not present the sounds supports the hypothesis that abstract rule encoding occurs unintentionally. The temporal and structural characteristics of the relevant brain response (MMN) were virtually identical in all conditions, that is, when subjects were ignoring the sounds, when they attended the sounds but rules were task-irrelevant, and when they attended the sounds and rules were task-relevant.( Schrà ¶ger E, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Roeber U ,2007) According to the Wikipedia, It announces that subtitles displayed at the bottom of a movie or television screen that translate or transcribes the dialogue or narrative in the movie. It is also giving additional information about its content like monolog, mind-thinking and emotion. Those subtitles can be in different categories: narrative, forced, content, titles only, bonus, localized and extended/expanded. While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of 3 types: Hard (also known as hard-subtitles or open subtitles), Prerendered (also known as closed subtitles are separate video frames that are overlaid on the original video stream while playing), Soft (also known as soft-subtitles or closed subtitles). The positive effects of subtitles According to Mitterer H and McQueen JM, their book Foreign Subtitle Help but Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception, what the group found the greatest advantage of subtitles is the fact that it preserves the original audio track. Thanks to the subtitles, the actors speak with their original voice, and the ambience sounds are not disrupted by voice-over or inserted dubbing recordings. When the audiences read the subtitles, they will more understand about the action, emotion and the expression by the actors in the movie. Thus, the audiences will become more interest and can be followed the part on the movie. The subtitles in a movie also focus on the speech act of characters. Audience can follow the movie by reading the subtitles at the bottom of the screen. It serve as an aid not only for the deaf and hard of hearing, but also for people who learn the foreign languages or who need visual aid aside form audio input for study. It is to ensure the studying foreign langua ge process is effective. So the effects are more important than lexical elements. Subtitles in the language of the film indicate which words are being spoken, and so can boost speech learning about foreign speech sounds and pronouns. The listeners can learn to interpret an ambiguous phoneme on the basis of disambiguating lexical contexts. That is why the movie always has prepared the foreign subtitles for the audiences. According to Cai Q, Brysbaert M, the book was named SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Subtitles given the prior work on lexical retuning within the native language, and the suggestion that adaptation to foreign-accented speech is in part lexically driven, may be lexical retuning also in second-language listening. That is, listeners may be able to retune speech-sound categories based on their knowledge about how foreign words ought to sound or pronouns. Within subtitles, those listeners can learn about unfamiliar regional accents in a foreign language in the movie by reading subtitles prepared. It is a mechanism of lexically-guided perceptual learning. English subtitles should give provided in the most of the films, because it is international language. It can provide the extra information about the words being spoken by a character. According to encyclopedia.com, subtitles are a very useful ways of communicating what is being said on the movie to deaf people. Subtitles are also used for many other reasons than this, and deaf people often prefer not to have them or to use another method because of the drawback of subtitling. In addition, foreign movie are often subtitled to allow the people who do not know the language to follow the action. As a good example, a lot of Thailand movie are subtitled with English for the audiences to make sure the movie acceptable by others in foreign countries like Malaysia. According to the United Kingdom News and magazine, there wrote some comment about the subtitles. Subtitles can provide an additional source of information about the words that being spoken, and hence the sounds being heard, and so ought to reinforce lexically-guided learning. Our database is the first to include information about the contextual diversity of the words and to provide good frequency estimates for multi-character words and the different syntactic roles in which the words are used. The word frequencies are freely available for research purposes. Subtitles are a good estimate of daily language exposure and capture much of the variance in words processing efficiency. According to the Wikipedia, it announces that subtitle is a blessing and it really helps the people to understand the plot of the movie. It is also not a problem for people who watching movie in an overload background music and ambient noise environment. It is a good reason why the parents can take care their child when watching a movie. If you do not understand a word that have been spoken by the actor, you may look at the subtitle, it helps hearing impaired people understand a movie. People will more understand what the characters are saying and get a better idea of what is happening. The negative effects of subtitles Subtitles are limited both in time and space. An average subtitle consists of one or two lines of text, maximum 35 characters each. This limitation combined with the fact that on subtitle is at most displayed for four seconds gives us hard time to cover long utterances in dialogs.(Richard Curtis, 2003) According to United Kingdom News and magazine, another main disadvantage is the subtitles are mainly aiming at literate people with reading skills developed to a high extent. It is required from audience to read quick enough and do not only concentrate on the subtitles, but also the image above or just behind the subtitles, and often requires from them to use both skills simultaneously. Is that impossible concentrates on both in a whole movie? Of course, for non-deaf people they can still hear the emotion in an actors voice even if it is in a different or foreign language but it is not easy to follow so many things. Other countries prefer to dub program and film-where an actor speaking the language of the country where it is to be shown is recorded over the original language. But this is costly and time consuming and only worth the while of the crew if it is to be shown to a large number of people. But again, similar arguments prevail with regards to nuances being lost-especially as the subtitles tend to be an exact translation rather than taking idiom into account, and emotions being lost. Leo Freedman has a comment about the problem. I saw a superb subtitle mistake a couple of month agoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there was a report on the news about a new employment policy that would benefit millions of unemployed and impoverished Indian citizens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the subtitle read If this policy works, it may be set to achieve even more that my hammock man Ghandi! That kept me amused for weeks! Or maybe Muhatma had a hammock company I am unaware of? According to the Wikipedia, it said that translation of subtitling is sometimes very different from the translation of written text. Usually, the editor will watch the picture and listen to the audio sentence by sentence when a film or a movie is subtitled. The editor may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialog. Especially in commercial subtitles, the editor often interprets what is meant, rather than translating how it is said, meaning being more important than form. The audience does not always appreciate this, and it can be frustrating to those who know some of the spoken language, because spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meaning, in confusing words, if not adapted in the written subtitles. The editor does this when the dialog must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed, it purpose being more important than form. The result suggested that foreign subtitles are very helpful but that native-language subtitles provide no benefit or less benefit. Only one study focused on phonological processing; negligible benefits for non-native subtitles were found. Clear predictions can nevertheless still be made about the effects of subtitle language on speech learning. If lexically-guided retuning operates in second-language listening, and is open to any influence from subtitles, then the influence should depend on the language of the subtitles. According to encyclopedia.com, the native subtitles may be easier for observes to read, but providing misleading or misunderstand information about the phonological forms being spoken. If the audiences are more concentrated in reading the subtitles than is watching the movie, he or she will not learn the new language. The audience can hear the original sound, voice of the movie and see the correct timing of expressions on the actors faces as they speak their lines? This is hard to finish reading the subtitles at the bottom of a movie because it is past fast and not easy to digest. Lowering sight towards the bottom of the movie while reading the subtitles can become tiresome and/or distract from appreciating details, facial expressions and the emotion of those actors. The audience might be having such a good time reading the subtitle that is could prevent from watching the actual movie, it could block things in the movie and make audiences hard to focus on the action.

Ortho Tri-Cyclen and Acne Essay -- Medicine Medical Birth Control Pape

Ortho Tri-Cyclen and Acne What does Ortho Tri-Cyclen do for the treatment of acne and how does it work? In 1960, the medical world of the United States was revolutionized by the introduction of The Pill. For the past forty years, The Pill has been the most popular form of reversible birth control. But beside the stellar contraceptive effectiveness rate ranging from 97-99.9% (when taken as directed), many other non-contraceptive benefits exist in conjunction with this method of birth control. Studies have proven that a women’s incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers, benign cysts of the ovaries and breasts, and pelvic inflammatory disease, all decrease with pill use. Heavy bleeding and severe cramps are also minimized (www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00027.html). Recent claims state that birth control may also effectively treat some types of acne. Though, back in 1966, The Rocky Mountain Medical Journal published an article illustrating the effectiveness of estrogen-progestin combination in the treatment of stubborn acne, and maintaining that the cyclic admin istration of oral contraception is a useful measure for many women. It was not until January 2, 1997 that marked another big step in the world of the birth control pill when, for the first time, an oral contraceptive was approved for marketing by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an effective treatment for acne. Ortho Tri-Cyclen, originally introduced in 1992 by the Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Corporation, is the first low dose birth control pill approved for a noncontraceptive indication. (www.pslgroup.com/dg/fa6a/htm.) Ortho Tri-Cyclen is the only birth control pill that has been clinically proven for the treatment of mo... ... acne vulgaris. Journal of American Acad Dermatology, 37(5Pt1), 746-54 Olson WH, Lippman JS, Robisch DM, (1998). The duration of response to norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Internal Journal of Fertil Womens Med, 43(6), 286-90 Redmond GP, (1998). Effectiveness of oral contraceptives in the treatment of acne, Contraception, 58(3 Suppl), 29S-33S Redmond GP, Olson WH, Lippman JS, Kafrissen ME, Jones TM, Jorizzo JL, (1997). Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a radomized, placebo controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 89(4), 615-22 Van Hoff MH, Hirasing RA, Kaptein MB, Koppenaal C, Voorhorst FJ, Schoemaker J, (1998). The use of oral contraceptives by adolescents for contraception, menstrual cycle problems or acne. Acta Obstetrics and Gynecol Scand, 77(9), 898-904

Frankenstein’s Ambition :: Mary Shelley

Frankenstein’s Mistakes Victor Frankenstein was the creator of the monster in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. He was an ambitious man who had high hopes and dreams. Even as a child, he was very intelligent, studying the sciences and scientists of the past. But, as ambition caused the downfall of Julius Caesar, it caused the downfall of Victor Frankenstein. As the creator of his monster, he had responsibilities as a mother has towards her child. Out of pride, he ignored his responsibilities. Even after his ambitious mistake, had he acknowledged his responsibilities, he could have saved himself from destruction. He made significant mistakes out of pride and ambition that brought unhappiness and destruction to himself and his loved ones. Victor was reared in a household where he had the proper environment to learn many things. His father was well-educated and encouraged Victor to further his knowledge. There was, however, one subject that he did not encourage Victor on; it was natural philosophy. Victor’s father told him not to waste his time on such trash. This remark fueled Victor’s curiosity and he studied further into it. At the age of 13, Victor â€Å"entered with the greatest diligence into the search of the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life; but the latter soon obtained [his] undivided attention†. This foreshadowed Victor’s biggest mistake of his life that was to happen later in his life. When he entered the university, Victor started his studies in great detail and intensity. His greatest ambition was this: he wanted to recreate life out of something which life had already parted. He â€Å"described [himself] as always having been imbued with a fervent longing t o penetrate the secrets of nature†.

Developing Business Skills Essay

How do OMM activities create value and a competitive advantage at the input, operations, and output stages? The input stage of the operations and materials management process would include the materials needed to create the finished goods that the consumer desires. This is where the company determines the amount of value they create for the customer by purchasing products that have the greatest value for the money. The operations stage of the process is where the skills, knowledge, machines, and experts come together to produce the goods and services to sell to the consumer at the lowest cost possible to remain competitive in their market. The output stage of this process is when the products that were produced reach the customers that they were intended for. If these products cost more to make than the competitors, then the consumers will likely not buy their product because the cost will be higher to cover the expenses involved in making them. What is TQM, and why is it important for a company to improve the quality of its products? In terms of a company’s input, operations, and output stages, how can TQM be used to create a competitive advantage? The term TQM refers to total quality management and refers to techniques used to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness. This operational technique is aimed toward continuous improvement within the company from input to output. This technique helps companies to reduce the production time it takes to make a product as well as the waste involved in the process too. When a company focuses on streamlining their production process it allows them to reduce their initial cost involved in producing their products which, in turn, reduces their overall cost and allows them to pass the savings on to their consumers. What is Six Sigma, and it what ways can it be used to reduce the costs of a company’s OMM process? In terms of a company’s input, operations, and output stages, how can Six Sigma be used to create a competitive advantage? Six Sigma refers to the process that can measure how far a task deviates from perfection. It can also figure where the problems derive from and figure out ways to eliminate them. This process can produce no more than 3.4 defects per million chances for nonconformance. It revolves around six key concepts to acquire perfection within the process. These would include: critical to quality, defect, process capability, variation, stable operations, and design for Six Sigma. These six key concepts focus on how the consumers discern their product and the value that it provides to them. I have worked for a company that has this process in place and the key component that I found helpful was the fact that everything had a specific place that it should be. This made finding things very easy which eliminated running around hunting for things that you needed for the production process. This cut down on time wasted and made the production of the product much less time consuming. How does a just-in-time inventory system operate? In terms of a company’s input, operations, and output stages, how can JIT be used to create a competitive advantage? A just-in-time (JIT) inventory system requires that inputs and components are delivered at the exact moment they are needed to reduce the inventory levels. These systems cut costs by not requiring products stored in inventory for days or even weeks ahead of time. This allows a company to keep their overhead down and only purchase the exact amount of product they need to produce the product they are making. One way for a company to create a competitive advantage with a JIT is to work with their suppliers to incorporate a JIT process as well to reduce costs and increase quality. This process allows a company to change the design of their product without producing an abundance of their previous products because they must use up their inventory.

Managers Can Create Satisfied Employees

Employee satisfaction is the key to the economic success of any company. Research has shown that a satisfied employee does his job well and in return the company’s performance is greatly improved. Employer and employee relations are very important in ensuring that a company realizes its mission. In fact, it has been researched and found out satisfied employees usually translate to satisfied customers. Hence, with proper policies and administrative skills, managers can create satisfied employees. The following tips help to illustrate the various methods and ways by which employers can achieve this. These are; Job security The primary driving force an individual centers on while working, is the ability to retain the job for as many years as possible. Personal organization and family budget go in line with job security concerns. When an employee is confident of his or her job security at the workplace, his performance is far much better than a case where he or she is not sure of being retained in the next year. Pay satisfaction People don’t work unless they receive pay work done. It is therefore the key to employee satisfaction. Managers normally use financial rewards to improve their worker’s performance. Good salaries equally translate to better work. Every worker would want to continue working for an organization which pays him or her well. [1] Language and communication Communication is notably the most important factor and step required for the achievement of improved degree of satisfaction among various groups of employees. Managers who use simple but powerful words usually win the hearths of most employees. How a manager expresses himself while communicating the company’s principles determines the mode of reception from the e employees themselves. Words such as ‘please’, ‘you are doing a good job’ and ‘thank you’ demonstrates that a manager values the employees. It is also a sign of respect directed to the junior workers. Benefits Certain benefits help motivate workers. Such benefits include; Provision of insurance cover not only to the employees but also to their families as well. Allocation adequate time for one to be with his or her family. This can be provided in terms of structured leave periods, off-work times, weekends and time schedules for leaving work places daily Promotion and career advancement Departments such as the military have a well organized promotion channels that go in line with the performance of an individual. Promotion is usually proportional to the amount of money and benefits that one receives. House allowances for example are given according to ones job scale in many countries. To be promoted from a deputy supervisor to a full supervisor indicates that the administration of a particular company is appreciating an individual’s effort. This will lead to the development of self confidence and hard work among all the employees so that one could be promoted. [2] Safety in the work environment People who feel safe in their working environment tend to perform better than those who don’t. Safety can be in the form of human-machine relations and human-human relations. Military personnel working in war thorn countries like Iraq, Somalia and Afghanistan work in fear and this greatly affects their overall performance at work. Flexibility to balance life and work issue Proper coordination between the work issues and personal life is necessary to balance both. Overworking and work stress usually affect human healthy both in social, mental and physical terms. Rewards and gifts Rewards should not be very big inducements but the small gifts given to anybody is well appreciated. A handwritten thank you note is normally appreciated and cherished. Everybody loves chocolate, and provision of such kind of rewards especially at the weekends and special days like Christmas and Valentine days, helps to build positive relationships between the company and the employees. Gift certificates such as birthday wishes are a morale booster to self-confidence of the employees. Some companies offer their logo merchandizes in form of t-shirts, caps, mugs, pens, jackets and computer mouse pads. In addition, motivational posters could be strategically drafted for individual recognition for job well done. In most cases, people would want to know if their work has made some difference. Provision of such rewards is encouraged. [3] Conclusion As a manager, your impact on employee satisfaction is great and immeasurable.   It is therefore important that managers look for convenient, cost-conscious and appreciated ways of motivation in order to build a dynamic, committed and workforce that will result in better productivity and profitability of the organization. References Dale, M. (2001): The Art of HRD: Developing Management Skills  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   , Vol. 3, Crest Publishing House, New Delhi Maund, L. (2001): An Introduction to Human to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice: Macmillan, Palgrave Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition: Prentice Hall, New York Thomson, C. and Rampton, L. (2003): Human Resource Management. Melbourne press, New York [1] Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition: Prentice Hall, New York [2] Dale, M. (2001): The Art of HRD: Developing Management Skills, Vol. 3, Crest Publishing House, New Delhi [3] Thomson, C. and Rampton, L. (2003): Human Resource Management. Melbourne press, New York   

Assessment Critique

Assessment Critique Sandra Whitney California State University, Northridge SPED 501 M/M Dr. Haney A. General Information The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Second Edition (KTEA-II) is an individually administered measure of academic achievement for ages 4. 5 through 25. The test is available in 2 versions. The Brief Form assesses achievement in reading, math and written expression. The Comprehensive Form covers reading, math, written language, and oral language. It also provides an analysis of students’ errors.Examiners can obtain a Comprehensive Achievement Composite in about 30 minutes for younger children and 85 minutes for the oldest students. The Comprehensive Form has 2 independent, parallel forms (A and B). The KTEA-II was written by Alan and Nadeen Kaufman and is published by AGS Publishing. B. Brief Description of Test Scoring & Types of Scores Derived The KTEA-II was designed to measure student progress. Some of its applications include assessing achievemen t, identifying processes, analyzing errors, program planning, measuring academic progress, evaluating interventions/programs, and making placement decisions.After reviewing the Manual, I believe the KTEA-II would be a good measure of academic achievement and student progress. The KTEA-II’s authors examined literature reviews and recommendations from experts in different subject areas in order to define which skills should be measured in each achievement domain. Three national tryouts of the KTEAII Comprehensive Form Materials were conducted between 2000 and 2001. These trials illustrated whether each subtest had enough items to be reliable and provided adequate coverage of skills at each grade level.They also allowed for statistical analysis to identify and modify/remove items that had poor discrimination or were differentially difficult according to sex or ethnicity. Finally, the tryouts provided valuable information regarding item difficulties that was necessary for constru cting standardization forms that would be parallel in content and level of examinee performance. I believe the KTEA-II is well designed. I especially like the fact that it provides a Clinical Analysis of Errors and that the authors utilized input from experts when designing/selecting test items.The analysis of errors can help a teacher identify specific areas in which the student demonstrates weak, average, or strong skill development. I feel the KTEA-II’s design and norms make it suitable for most populations between the ages of 4. 5 and 25. As a special educator, a real positive feature is the inclusion of examinees with special classification or diagnosis. However, I do not feel the KTEA-II is suitable for English Language Learners. The manual specifically states that the test was normed to represent the US population of children and young adults who speak English.C: Validity, Normative Population Data, &Types of Scores Derived The norm sample consisted of 3,000 examinees aged 4? through 25. The grade norms are based on 2,400 of the examinees in Grades K-12. The standardization took place from September 2001 through May 2003. All age levels had between 100 and 200 participants, except age 19, which had 80. The KTEA-II sample was based on the 2001 Current population Survey and designed to match the US population with regards to sex, parent education, ethnicity, and educational status of examinees aged 18 to 25.The sample was representative in terms of geographic region, with a few exceptions at a couple of age levels. Examinees with special disability classification or diagnosis were also included in the standardization sample. These participants had a specific learning disability, speech/language impairment, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mental retardation, emotional/behavioral disturbance or were gifted and talented. One shortcoming in the norms is the failure to provide a breakdown of rural/urban participants.For internal consistency, t he overall Comprehensive Achievement composite coefficient was very reliable at (. 97). The core composites for Reading (. 96), Mathematics (. 96), and Written Language (. 93) are also highly reliable. However, the Oral Language composite (. 87) and Oral Fluency (. 85) fall below the desired (. 90) standard for reliability. The Sound-Symbol and Decoding composites are adequately reliable at all age levels. Because of the format for the subtests for the Reading Fluency composite, it is not possible to evaluate the internal consistency.The internal consistency coefficients are lower for subtests than composites. Most of the Reading and Mathematics subtests, and the Spelling subtest coefficients are sufficiently reliable. The majority of coefficients for the Oral Language subtests and the Written Expression subtest are less than (. 90). The coefficients for Nonsense Word Decoding are acceptable; but the majority of coefficients for the Phonological Awareness, Associational Fluency, and Naming Facility are below (. 90).To assess the stability of the KTEA-II scores over a period of weeks, the test was administered twice to 221 children from three grade ranges (Pre-K to Grade 1, Grades 2 through 6, and Grades 7 through 12). The retest interval ranged from 11 to 60 days and averaged 3? to 4 weeks. Alternate-form reliability was also examined in this analysis because about half the students took Form A first and Form B second; the other half took the test in the opposite order. The reliability correlations for the three grade ranges for the Comprehensive Achievement composite were (. 92), (. 94), and (. 5), respectively. For Pre-K to Grade 1, only the overall Reading and Decoding composites are sufficiently reliable. Coefficients for the Mathematics (. 87), Written Language (. 85), Oral Language (. 64), Sound-Symbol (. 84) and Oral Fluency (. 59) composites are all below (. 90). Letter & Word Recognition is the only subtest for Pre-K to Grade 1 with adequate reliabili ty (. 97). Coefficients for the rest of the subtests range from (. 47) to (. 88). For Grades 2 through 6 the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding Composites all had coefficients of at least (. 0). The Reading (. 87), Oral Language (. 68), Sound-Symbol (. 80), and Oral Fluency (. 67) composites are less than . 90. All subtest correlations are less than (. 90), except Spelling, Nonsense Word Decoding, and Decoding Fluency. Coefficients for the Reading (. 89), Oral Language (. 81), and Oral Fluency (. 76) composites are below . 90 for Grades 7 through 12. Correlations for the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding composites are all adequate. All subtest correlations, except Math Computation, are less than (. 90).Outside reviewers note that because stability and alternate-form reliability were not separated in this analysis, it is impossible to know whether results for some components are unstable, whether the forms differ, or both. The Ora l Language composite is problematic because of its internal consistency and stability correlations are consistently below (. 90). Interrater reliability was evaluated for Written Expression, Oral Expression, Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, and Associational Fluency because they require judgment in scoring and are most susceptible to difference in scoring among examiners.The cases used 50 students at each of two grade levels. Students from Grade 2 or 3 completed Form A and students from Grade 8 completed Form B. Three or four examiners scored each level of each subtest. Correlations were all above (. 90), except Oral Expression at both grade levels (. 82 and . 88) and Associational Fluency at Grade 2 (. 82). The authors took many steps to ensure the validity of items on the KTEA-II. These efforts included literature reviews, consultation with experts in the field, and field testing.Intercorrelation of subtests and composites are provided at each age and grade level an d address construct validity. Moderate to high correlations were found between the majority of subtests and composites, except for the Oral Language domain. The average correlation between Oral Expression and Listening Comprehension was (. 46). Low correlations for these subtests and composite suggest they are measuring skills not closely related to other sections of the test. Factor analysis was used for the eight primary subtests of the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form, using the entire age-norm sample for Grade 1 through age 25.Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for a four-factor model (math, reading, written language, and oral language), as this model had good fit statistics and high loadings on the factors for all subtests. To evaluate concurrent validity, the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form was administered along with one or more achievement or cognitive abilities tests. Administration of the two tests occurred in counterbalanced order, with approximately half of the cases ta king the KTEA-II first and the other half taking it second.Administration of the two tests could occur on the same day or separated by as much as 60 days. When compared to the original Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA), the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition (WIAT-II), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement–Third Edition (WJIII ACH), and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test–Revised, Normative Update (PIAT-R/NU), high overall composite correlations were found (range . 84 to . 94). At the composite and subtest level, moderate to high correlations were generally found for the domains of reading, mathematics, and written language.However, the Oral Language composite correlations were mixed, with one as low as (. 08). When the KTEA-II was compared to the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS), a (. 75) correlation was found between the written expression subtests. Correlations in the (. 40’s) were found between the oral ex pression and listening comprehension subtests for the two measures. The relationship between the KTEA-II and several intelligence tests was also examined. Composites from the KTEA-II correlate in the low to moderately high range (from. 13 to . 4) with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II;), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities–Third Edition (WJ III COG). Students diagnosed with reading, mathematics, and writing learning disabilities; cognitive impairment; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and emotional or behavioral disturbance and those who were deaf or hard of hearing had mean scores below average on all subtests and composites. Children identified as high performing or talented received mean scores above average for all subtests and composites.In terms of validity, comprehensive evidence is provided in support of the testâ€℠¢s content validity. The addition of an Oral Language section to the KTEA-II seems beneficial, but is an area of particular concern in terms of both reliability and validity. I believe the Oral Language results should be interpreted cautiously. Outside reviewers caution that there is a danger of overestimating or underestimating a student’s performance due to steep item gradients on the KTEA-II. When tests have steep item gradients, a 1-point change in raw scores can result in a large change in standard scores when using the KTEA-II.In some cases, a 1-point change in a raw score results in a change of as much as 13 standard score points. Reviewers have also found that although the norms for the KTEA-II begin at 4 to 6, most subtests do not have adequate floors at this age. Instruments without adequate floors do not have enough easy items to discriminate between students with and without skill deficits. Several concerns exist in regard to the adequacy of some KTEA-II subtest f loors; thus, it is suggested that examiners check floor adequacy when assessing younger children. Using a subtest with an inadequate floor may overestimate performance at certain ages.

The problems and fall of the Tsarist Regime in Russia c 1900-1917

Some of the main causes took a long to develop into revolution, as peasants, industrial workers and the general public were very patient and downtrodden. The views of these groups all interlocked with each other. These include long and short term causes including the spark which signals when people had had enough. Conditions for the poor had worsened since 1891 when famine swept through the southern region of Russia and forced millions of peasants to leave their families and village communities to search for work in towns. Most of the industrial workers who worked in the factories were peasants and women. Women filled the textile factories in St Petersburg and Moscow, which was the poorest paying industry in Russia. The industrial workers were angry at the poor living and working conditions. Living space was at a premium so workers had to occupy accommodation provided by the employers. There were ten to a room and a single sheet separated bedrooms. There was no privacy and famine easily spread. Also there were no regulations on safety or hours of work, so some people died or were badly injured and had to work 12-15 hours per day. In addition they received extremely poor wages. The peasants had to pay very high taxes on grain and also on items such as alcohol and salt. The peasant farmers not working in the factories suffered two very poor harvests and it came to a point when they could barely survive. This proved too much for the peasants and they had enough. Russia's population in 1900 was about 120 million; at least eighty percent were peasants, so they formed a big unhappy majority. Some peasants wanted land to be divided out fairly and taken off the middle class. The Social Revolutionary party also agreed with the peasants and wanted them to start a Revolution. The middle class shared the view that there needed to be a change but unlike the other groups in Russia they didn't feel the need to start a revolution. The middle class who came from well-educated backgrounds wanted the Tsar to share his power, so the Russian people could benefit from the freedom and rights that people in Britain enjoy. Due to working and living conditions worsening and wages remaining low, there was less call for trade and jobs and so many were left without income. This included widespread famine and hunger, which had dramatically increased. Agriculture was going downhill and Russia wanted to change its fortunes to develop it's industry and remain an important military power. As Russia felt the need to improve her industry she had to borrow money from other countries, though the main source of money came from the people of Russia. Wages were kept low so money could be spent on industry' and after a few years people would be better off. Industry grew rapidly at first due to the success in iron, steel and the railways. In 1902 depression hit Russia and there was an industrial slump and thousands of people lost their jobs. Demonstrations and strikes were a regular occurrence and many peasants were starving. There were many violent acts and landlord's houses were even burned down. To make matters worse there was a war with Japan. The Tsar Nicolas the 2nd thought it would be a good idea to have a war because after a victory people would stop criticizing the government. But Japan ended as easy winners and made conditions worse in Russia. Prices rose and the war caused shortage of food. The Tsar was humiliated as Japan defeated Russia with ease even though Russia was such a big country in comparison to the small size of Japan. This brought more protests about the ineffectiveness of the Tsar and his government. There were very many causes but the spark of the revolution was â€Å"Bloody Sunday†. Conditions in St Petersburg were appalling and tension was at an all time high. As trade unions were banned and strikes illegal the Russian public decided to turn to a march. There were a crowd of 200,000 protesters and they marched to the Winter Palace to give a petition to the Tsar. The Tsar was not there and the Cossacks charged and the soldiers opened fire. It was a big day as the Russian public had lost respect for the Tsar. All theses causes contributed towards the Revolution. However, none is important enough to cause a revolution by itself. When these causes were combined together it only took one small short term event to provoke the people of Russia to revolt.

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy Title of the article: â€Å" Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy presenting as self-inflicted genital injury † Abstract: Primary Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with classical presentation showing tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and Hypnogogic hallucinations. Some conditions that result in secondary narcolepsy include traumatic brain injury, tumors, and stroke. [1] A rare case of secondary narcolepsy was seen in a patient with self-inflicted genital injury. A 30 year old male was referred to Psychiatry from Surgery for a self-inflicted incised wound on hydrocoele. Since last 1 year, he had multiple episodes of — 1. Sudden falls while working 2. Sleep during daytime often at unusual places 3. Periods of unresponsiveness during which he was aware but unable to move. During hospital stay, daytime somnolence, sleep paralysis and cataplexy were noted several times, but hallucinations were not consistently reported. Based on DSM-IV-TR N arcolepsy was diagnosed. Possible reasons for genital injury were 1. To remove fluid from swelling 2. Under sleep paralysis 3. Under Hypnogogic hallucinations. Patient’s EEG was normal. MRI brain showed Gliosis at cervico-medullary junction.MRI spine was advised to examine the cervico-vertebral junction but patient was lost to follow-up. But from history and investigations, it was concluded that he had secondary narcolepsy due to traumatic brain injury. Narcolepsy typically begins in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life and negatively impacts the quality of life of affected patients. Diagnosis relies on patient history and objective data gathered from polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medication, education, and behavioural modification. Key-words: Cataplexy; Narcolepsy; Polysomnography; Self inflicted injury, Key Messages [D1] :Secondary narcolepsy is rare and sometimes can be missed to diagnose. Such rare presentation of secondary narcolepsy helps in diagnosing other cases of self-inflicting injuries. Introduction: [D2] Narcolepsy is neither a type of epilepsy nor a psychogenic disturbance. It is an abnormality of the sleep mechanisms specifically, REM-inhibiting mechanisms and it has been studied in dogs, sheep, and humans. Narcolepsy can occur at any age, but it most frequently begins in adolescence or young adulthood, generally before the age of 30. The disorder either progresses slowly or reaches a plateau that is maintained throughout life. [2]. The prevalence of narcolepsy varies across countries and with different ethnic groups, and so the exact prevalence is not known. Prevalence estimates have been reported to be between 168 and 799 per 100,000 in most studies, although Japanese studies have indicated a higher prevalence of 1600 per 100,000. [2,3]. There are no genetic tests currently available for clinical use to make a positive diagnosis of narcolepsy. Genetic testing may correlat e best to narcolepsy when there is already clear cataplexy. [4]. Supporting the evidence for an environmental influence is the fact that the disease is not apparent at birth, but instead commonly has its onset during the second decade of life. Additionally, there are apparent precipitating factors such as head trauma, infection, and changes in sleep-waking habits that have been identified in some cases. [6] Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom for many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but thus far, its aetiology is not well understood. Extensive loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy, and partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson disease and other disorders. One study has found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI. This observation highlights the often overlooked hy pothalamic injury in TBI and provides new insights into the causes of chronic sleepiness in patients with TBI. [7] Amphetamine usage has been associated with addiction, psychosis and self-injurious behaviour . There are report s on two patients who severely and repeatedly mutilated their own genitalia while intoxicated on amphetamines and consider possible diagnostic aetiologies. [8] Genital mutilation is common in males compared to females. [9] But narcolepsy presenting as self inflicted genital injury has not been reported so far. That is why this is a rare case .

Florida Legislative Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Florida Legislative Policy - Research Paper Example Another argument against allowing nurses contends that Nurses are not well trained enough to dispense controlled substances. Nurses are deemed well trained enough to prescribe all other kinds of medicine. If nurses are well qualified enough to handle all other kinds of medication, it seems unreasonable to assume that nurses cannot prescribe controlled substance based drugs. If nurses around the nation can prescribe controlled substance based drugs without a hiccup then so can nurses registered in Florida because they are just as well trained. Ironically the bill to allow nurses to prescribe controlled substance based drugs has not been able to make it through the legislature for the last decade and a half despite attempts to the contrary. Some institutions in Florida are already taking a giant stride and are supporting the nurses’ cause such as Lee Memorial Health System. ... If nurses around the nation can prescribe controlled substance based drugs without a hiccup then so can nurses registered in Florida because they are just as well trained. Ironically the bill to allow nurses to prescribe controlled substance based drugs has not been able to make it through the legislature for the last decade and a half despite attempts to the contrary. (Aertker, 2011) Some institutions in Florida are already taking a giant stride and are supporting the nurses’ cause such as Lee Memorial Health System. Such a restrictive policy for nurses affects the medical care profession significantly. The need to have a certified physician at hand at all times to get a controlled substance prescription is both wasteful and tends to stretch already scant resources. Moreover, the need to consult a physician every single time lowers the morale of nurses. There has been talk of reduced enrolment in the nursing profession due to this restriction. Florida is already deficient in nursing staff and this status quo is not favourable at all. Nursing practitioners are commonly the only health care professionals who are taking care of patients in rural areas in Florida. Other areas that are deficient in physicians are also looked after by nurse practitioners. People without insurance also frequently visit free clinics that are staffed more or less exclusively by nurses. Susan Lynch a nurse working at clinics in Deland and Sanford relates that when she is seeing patients, often patients looking for common medicine such as cough syrup with codeine or refills for ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) medicine are faced with two choices: visiting a hospital

IT and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

IT and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The Nielson Norman Group undertakes its programs and processes in line with computerized user interfaces. Such programs enable the company to bear the ability to provide consultation to clients from the firm. The Group’s success is evident since the company has built an overwhelming range of clientele in the global market since its foundation back in 1998. The following discussion seeks to highlight the prospective of intranets with various evaluation approaches to assert the fact that the programs do not necessarily provoke learning and inspirations (Collins, 2010, p, 130). Discussion of the features to build in an organization’s intranet the different intranet services seem to comprise of different features depending on the main purposes of their improvising. Each of the learning intranets was purported by its innovators as a certain approach to solving learning and problems. Distinctively, global enterprises realize that the social media is part of the community and may not fade out despite the pre-existing challenges Green, et al 2011, p, 90). Technical surveys implore organizations to abide in the use of social media holding that it is the most appropriate method from restructuring organization’s performances and building effective teams through the imposition of knowledge of the personnel and management. Experts have the notion that collaborative communication through the internet is certainly a useful course in all enterprises operating on a global platform. The effective nature of intranets is viewed as implicit to the gradual changes that are presumed to exist in organizations. This change is certain since there is enough and unprecedented evidence that functionality will shift gradually from the current prospects for the organizations’ advantages. The fact that intranets exist in different versions, the enterprise community of the society has a significant range to choose the intranet approach in accordance to the performan ce portfolio. Ideally, I-Space intranet provides learners with provident knowledge for use in ensuring organizational development and prowess in performances. Mainly, the I-Space intranet service provides various knowledgeable aspects ranging from the provision of public knowledge to the ideology of enhancing common sense (Collins, 2010, p, 133). A detailed survey undertaken by the Norman Group asserts that the intranet survey phenomenon comprises of the aspects of codification and diffusion of reading materials, a factor that is defined as the public knowledge approach. On the second account, the intranet approach ascertains to its users that they will accrue proprietary knowledge through its intriguing provision of patented entities, official secrets, and other critical information sources. The intranet approach asserts that users seeking proprietary knowledge shall find that its lack of diffusion despite the codification as an ethical barrier to provision of security on the perti nent materials. Lastly, the account provides employees and other concerned stakeholders seeking information with personal knowledge whereby codification and diffusion equally lack thus; guaranteeing users to sort out for any information related to their needs. I-Space accounting approaches assert knowledge on common sense, the type of information that all people have knowledge about their existence. However, the service is extremely diffused and without codifications thus enabling any

Effect of Teaching Style on Students Scores Essay

Effect of Teaching Style on Students Scores - Essay Example The results revealed no significant changes between the two groups of students when using the ANOVA but depicted elevated levels in 2009 using the MRT. The PCC test revealed some positive correlation between the sampled assessment test scores. Therefore the study demonstrates that teaching styles are correlated to the final scores among students hence innovative teaching style has a favorable consequence among the learners’. Conventional teaching techniques are increasing being viewed as deficient in terms of upholding extensive scholarship and lasting preservation of essential educational concepts. Additionally, these teaching processes are alleged of encouraging quiescent rather than active interactive scholarship (Meyers & Jones, 1993). The advent of sophisticated ICT learning tools has compelled hitherto conservative educationalists to adopt modern methods of teaching especially in the scientific fields of study of science, mathematics, engineering, and technology educatio n. Considerable research has proven the wisdom of assimilating these innovative techniques, as growth have been demonstrated in the education milieu particularly in adult education (Hein & Irvine, 2004). Kolb (1985) in his pragmatic learning cycle claimed that a learner undergoes various stages of knowledge sequence; whereby there is a certain foremost useful stage that is conducive to instruction and understanding. DePorter (1992) further observed that perceived disparities in a student learning style are often caused by ‘a conflict.

Assignmnet for marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Assignmnet for marketing - Essay Example cow being a sacred animal, he began to communicate well with them. 2. Todd could not adjust into Indian environment initially due to which he could not bring the success rate of call centre i.e. Minutes per incident rate, to the desired standard. However, the incident of Holi helped him understand Indian values (Outsourced, 2007). Once, he stopped resisting Indian norms and values, provided appropriate rewards to his employees and shared his success with others, things became easier for him. The movie also managed to illustrate that respect helped Todd gain support of his team members and also of other people that he encountered during his stay in India. For example, Todd encountered a difficult situation when his supervisor comes to assess the performance and due to poor infrastructure, the whole building is flooded (Outsourced, 2007). With the help of his staff, he manages to demonstrate exceptional managerial skills. Also, the children on the streets decorating his cell phone also shows that mutual respect is important for people to have a stren gthen relationship. 3. Todd tried correcting Puru various times however he later on realized that Puru is not much aware of American accent and correcting him every time will not help him. Furthermore, he was also very reluctant to be part of this new change that was imposed on him and wanted to invest little effort in every aspect of this new life. That is why he did not even try correcting his landlady when she called him ‘Toad’ (Outsourced, 2007). 4. The movie projects an idea that all human beings have basic needs and motivations despite belonging to different cultures. This notion was supported by the scene where call centre staff shared their queries with Todd if they can purchase some of the products that they have been selling to American consumers. Knowing that, Todd was amazed at

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Essay

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Holocaust Mass Murders - Essay Example The mass murder in Rwanda is a perfect example of the modern time genocide born of ethnic hatred. As compared to the Holocaust genocide, the events unfolding in Rwanda in 1994 gave birth to the systematic slaughter of more than eight hundred thousand Moderate Hutu and Tutsi. This aspect position the Rwandese massacre to being a massacre of the modern phenomenon, absorbed by rationalism, bureaucracy and technology. The massacre of the European Jews, commonly referred to by a majority of scholars as the Holocaust, on the other hand is among the genocides known to the greater percentage of the educated in the society. Between the years 1941 and 1945, European Jews ranging between five and xix million were systematically massacred by the Nazi regime (under the leadership of Adolf Hitler) in collaboration with its allies and other surrogates in the Nazi-occupied territories. Irrespective of the astonishing intensity and scale of the genocide, the prominence of the Holocaust in the recent couple of years has been far from being preordained. Having given a brief preamble of both the Rwandese and the Holocaust genocides, this paper therefore, gears towards availing an in-depth comparison between the two genocides. In addition, this paper also does evaluate both the functionalist and the intentionalists explanation of the two cases of mass murder based on the principal areas of focus such as uniqueness, precedent and generality in either case as drawn from different theoretical quarters. Comparison and Evaluation of the Holocaust and Rwanda Mass Murders When it comes to the definition of what genocide is, it somehow proves to be challenging. Nevertheless, massacres have over and again been repeated in different parts of the world. The most imperative thing to keep in remembrance is that a mass murder remains to be not only a controversial, but also a contested debate among politicians, historians, academics, fascists and nationalists. Irrespective of the noticeable differences in the context of a mass murder, neither of th e sides presents a different opinion or even repudiates the authenticity of the Rwanda and the Holocaust, nor is there sombre rejection over the principle that the Hutus and Adolf Hitler were responsible for the crimes they set off. In this event therefore, it is imperative finding a mechanism of gauging the reality beyond the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres (Christopher 2004, p.34). As thus, there arise two schools of thought as regards to the historiography of these genocides. These schools of thought are the functionalist and the intentionalist explanations of the genocides. Intenionalist versus Functionalist Explanation of the two Mass Murders Over the past two or so decades, the most heated debate has been revolving around an erudite predisposition by and large referred to as intentionalist and an antagonistic functionalist explanation. Arguably, a great percentage of the interpretation and data so gathered on the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres relate in one way or the o ther either in the functionalist or the intentionalist perspectives. To begin with the Holocaust genocide it is even derivable from the word itself, the intenionalists’ explanation lays more accents on the intention that the Nazis had; and from the kick off, it is undeniable that these Nazis had their minds made up to eliminate the European Jews in whichever manner, including carrying a mass slaughter on them. An approach of this kind puts emphasis on the figure of Adolf Hitler and his monomaniacal passion to do away with what he referred to as the Jewish cancer from Germany and Europe as a whole (Tom 2010, p.25). Adolf’s stance of facilitating an elimination of the European Jews is clearly evidenced by the statement he makes when addressing a journalist. He confidently declares that in the event that he assumes power, his first priority

Organisational responses to responsible business drivers Assignment

Organisational responses to responsible business drivers - Assignment Example The aim of this project will be looking at the challenges that McDonald’s has been facing regarding corporate sustainability and the various actions that they have taken as an organization to make sure that their corporate responsibility is enhanced. McDonald’s is one of the most known fast food restaurants globally. McDonald’s has outlets in more than 100 countries. However, their headquarters is in the United States of America. Among other things, the restaurant is popular for its hamburger. However, it should be noted that they also sell products such as French fries, cheeseburgers, chicken, soft drinks, desserts, fish, milkshakes, salad, smoothies, and wraps. There are a number of sustainability challenges that are faced by McDonald’s. One of the sustainability challenges that the company faces is the amount of water that is usually needed to produce beef. About 15,500 cubic meters are usually needed to produce a kilogram of beef. Apart from the water, they will also need 36 kilograms of roughage and 6.5 kilograms of grain just to produce a kilogram of beef. Given the fact: that hamburger is their main product, this trend can be rather alarming (Porter 2008, p. 407). Given the level of competition in this industry, the company has to rely on cheap labour and beef in order to remain competitive. Depending on cheap labour and beef makes it very hard for them to be sustainable. For instance, in most cases the cheaper beef is always not verified. Sometimes, depending on cheap labour might deny an organization the chance of having highly motivated and satisfied employees. Another sustainability challenge that the organization faces is brought about by the effect that consumption of fast food has on human beings. The high growth of obesity cases in the US is always associated with poor eating habits. One of the most commonly mentioned and

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Assignment Research Paper

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Assignment - Research Paper Example Concrete and productive strategies are therefore necessary to compact the crime related complications. Crime Prevention Approaches To achieve the entire goal of crime prevention in any society, all stakeholders should be exclusively involved. Policy makers, community members, developers and law enforcers have to work collectively in the battle against criminal activities. Traditionally, crime prevention was the obligation of the police officers and the judicially. Community members and other community key players were not involved. With the modern technology and complexity of criminal activities in the society, the contribution of all informers in society is paramount. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) has incorporated all stakeholders in addressing criminal activities in the society. According to Crime prevention through environmental design strategy, profound designs and inclusive use of the general environment reduces tremendously the level of criminal activiti es in the society. The strategy works directly and indirectly in fettering notorious criminal activities in a society. CPTED encourages business people, neighbors and community organizations to combine their effort in preventing crime. The guiding principle in crime prevention through environmental design is time to time community consultation (Crowe 209). The constituents of CPTED are divided into two generations, the first generation and the second generation. The first generation entails components of physical designs. In this case physical designs include territoriality, natural surveillance, access control and image. The second generation is composed of social variables of the neighborhoods. Thunder Bay is one of the biggest cities in northern Ontario Canada. The city is mostly occupied by miners. There are very many idlers in the city due to job scarcity (Zimmerman 200). The city accommodates one of the most attractive tourist sceneries in Canada. The city is known for its hig h level of criminal activities. Crime is very rampant in Thunder Bay city. The most apparent criminal activities in Thunder Bay city include, rape, and drug trafficking, murder, prostitution, and theft (Zimmerman 200). The security agencies have tried to reduce this criminal activities but their effort is futile. The criminal activities in the city have discouraged tourist in the area. The crimes activities have also developed fear among the city residents. With proper utilization of the crime prevention through environment design principles, criminal activities in the country can be a thing of the past (Zimmerman 200). There is dire need for intensive inclusion of the available resources in the fight against criminal activities. Proper integration of the crime prevention through environmental design principles by the city planners, community, home owners, and developers is the only apparent solution to criminal activities in Thunder Bay city. There most relevant CPTED principles in the city includes The Natural Surveillance Principle The principle is based on the notion that, criminals do not wish to be observed when doing their criminal activities (Jeffrey 140). The legitimate users of the city or any residential place are expected to be in touch with what is happening on the street. Through this principle suspicious visitors are easily identified .The basic aim of the natural surveillance is to eliminate all the obstacles in the streets, providing adequate lights in